Writing and Researching Skills

Introduction Every learning institution encourages novelty, clarity and objectivity in academic research. This is usually done to provide students with research writing skills that are necessary for successful completion of their studies. Students are therefore required to undertake self assessments, which introduce them to numerous factors that can promote strong and well structured writings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Writing and Researching Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such activities are vital in helping students refine their arguments and writing at large. In addition, it helps establish logical writing in students. However, it faces several obstacles. These include among others, academic plagiarism. This has made research quite difficult as scholars try to avoid plagiarizing other people’s works. Plagiarism cases have risen, especially with increased availability of resources online. In fact, while advancement in technology has pooled resources, it has also led to increased cases of plagiarism. This paper will therefore try to explore academic writing styles, plagiarism, strengths and weaknesses as well as growth plan (Colantuono, 2009, p. 1). Plagiarism can be defined as use of other people’s ideas, or works as your own. This occurs in any event that an individual uses another person’s idea or written work without giving him/her credit. Most written works in learning institutions are nowadays turned in after passing through plagiarism detecting software. These are aimed at curbing plagiarism, which has been on the rise. Online degrees have had its advantages, which include among others, providing affordable quality education to learners from different regions. On the other hand, this has had its effects on creativity as plagiarism takes toil. It is quite important to note that plagiarism is a punishable offense both by law and learning institution s. In learning institutions, plagiarism draws punishments that may range from penalties, suspension, expulsion and even sacking for scholars. Moreover, it can lead to jail term, if not avoided. Academic writing involves use of different formatting and citation styles. These include MLA, APA, Harvard, Chicago, Turabian and Oxford, among others. These styles are usually utilized depending on the type of paper to be written. For instance, when writing papers on psychology, APA (American Psychological Association) style is usually utilized. Most of these citation styles are usually aimed at avoiding plagiarism as well as structuring academic papers in a formal and cohesive manner (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2003, p. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of Strengths Some of the strengths I have in academic writing include creativity, which helps to minimize plagiarism. In additi on, in situations where I use other people’s works, I usually ensure that they are credited. This helps in avoiding plagiarism. Another strength that I have in writing is my ability to master citation styles. This helps me in formatting academic writing as required. Academic writing requires people to be relevant as well as clear on given instructions. As much as this is sometimes difficult, I have tried to be relevant in most papers. This helps in ensuring that instructions are followed as given in the papers (Colantuono, 2009, p. 1). Analysis of Weaknesses Academic research comes with various obstacles. This includes fear of plagiarism, grammar mistakes, among others. I usually face a few problems in putting my essay together. Other obstacles that I face include level of writing. As much as I do formal writing, there are levels of writing required for each category. These include bachelors, masters and PhD levels. Moreover, depending on subject to be covered, writing can so metimes get complex. For instance, technical papers are usually more complex than others. In addition, Phd papers are commonly more detailed and complex than those of masters or bachelors. Finally, I am sometimes nervous on spelling and grammar mistakes (Dikel, 2011, p. 1). Growth Plan Academic writing is very important in learning institutions. This is mainly because it gives the true picture of an individual’s creativity and writing skills, among other attributes. Moreover, it confirms that one is able to conduct research and provide quality writings on them. Having considered both my strengths and weaknesses, it is only reasonable that I work towards improving them. In this regard, I have made a plan that includes improving in spelling and grammar, among others. Moreover, I plan to ensure that plagiarism becomes the least of my problems. In order to achieve this, I plan to institute regular self assessment tests with regards to citation styles. This involves going through research centers such as Purdue Owl and Ashford, among others. I also plan to practice more on academic writing, this will enable me improve in levels of writing as well as in formatting and style as required (Colantuono, 2009, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Writing and Researching Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Academic writing is instrumental to an individual’s capacity development. Institutions of higher learning ensure that students are well trained on ways of articulating their ideas. This can only be done through academic writing. Self assessment is also important as it helps one to establish the causes and possible solutions to his/her problems in writing. It is quite imperative to know how to write varieties of academic papers. Throughout the process, I have learned on ways of writing different types of papers, styles as well as plagiarism. The process also helped me le arn how to acknowledge sources that are used. In addition, the process has enabled me use credible sources in my research. I have also learned the importance of writing good papers since instructors use them to evaluate our level of comprehension and analysis (Ashford Writing Center, 2011, p. 1). References Ashford Writing Center. (2011). Research Guides. Web. Colantuono, F. (2009). Academic Plagiarism. Web. Dikel, M. (2011). Self- Assessment: The Riley Guide. Web. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. (2003). Avoiding Plagiarism Tutorial. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Writing and Researching Skills was written and submitted by user Haven F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on OutsourcingEssay Writing Service

Essay on OutsourcingEssay Writing Service Essay on Outsourcing Essay on OutsourcingIn an increasingly competitive, business development depends on the effective management of assets, including by the maximum concentration of resources on the core activity of the organization. However, as a rule, any organization is burdened with non-core but no less important services for its functioning: IT, accounting, legal department, etc. In order to successfully exist and develop without wasting resources, organization can eliminate non-core business functions to outsource. Nowadays, the popularity of outsourcing is growing and firmly entrenched in the minds of the global business community.According to the experts of Outsourcing Institute, outsourcing of business process is an emerging view of the optimization of enterprises, with the largest increase observed in the field of finance and accounting. Statistics gathered in 1997 by the American Management Association showed that already 20% of surveyed 600 firms outsource at least some of the financial and accounting operations, and 80% part of the administrative functions (Spring,  2010, pp.171-172).Outsourcing is the transfer of non-core business processes to third parties. The first outsourcing services were a bit different, it was an outsourcing of personnel, ie the involvement of employees of another firm to perform some tasks. Today, outsourcing is used in various fields, but most often it is used in warehousing and logistics.Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcingOutsourcing has many advantages, it gives a chance to save on different resources. Organization can focus attention on the processes which are directly profitable and reduced overhead costs. Outsourcing saves training costs. Besides, it eliminates the need to increase the number of staff of the company at the expense of non-core business process. Outsourcing allows the companys management and key employees to concentrate on their core business. With the help of outsourcing, there is a redistribution of organizat ional resources, previously involved in minor roles and directions. Outsourcing ensures continuous uptime (no holidays and sickness). Outsourcing is a major time savings (you can buy ready-made solutions, infrastructure). Outsourcing involves greater transparency (result matters, not the process). Changing outsourcer is easier than changing personnel. Using outsourcing, a company significantly reduces its risks (sharing them with outsourcer). Outsourcing leads to an increase in quality due to the professionals in the business, their experience in similar projects. At the same time, in addition to the obvious benefits, outsourcing has a number of traps or risks (Srabotic,  2012, p. 205).Risk 1: Customer’s lack of experience of work with outsourcing on the one hand, and declared experience of the Contractor outsourcer on the other. This problem can be solved by testing outsourcer, using recommendations and trial stages of interaction.Risk 2: lack of standards and methodology entails difficulties of measuring the results and quality. You can avoid this by breaking the contract on the result, requirement of measurable standards.Risk 3: lack of organizational involvement. Avoiding is possible by relaying responsibility for the process on the Contractor.Risk 4: waiting for incredible results.Risk 5: failure of the implementation of the project (consideration of potential and non-obvious needs of the organization). You can prepare company to the work with outsourcer in advance.Risk 6: loss of critical business knowledge within the company (outflow of confidential information).Risk 7: inexperience in conformity procedures. Companies need a controller in service delivery, which will assess the effectiveness of outsourcing services to the overall business strategy.Risk 8: lack of effective project management.Risk 9: possible reduction in productivity of its own staff (loss of motivation, assessment of changes as negative).Risk 10: possibility of termination of the contract with the outsourcer (bankruptcy of outsourcer, returning functions inside the business). Keep in mind possible alienation, documented system or repossession.Risk 11: unscheduled time costs success in the interaction (active participation of the customer: functions of tasks’ producer, monitoring and acceptance of work, introduction.)Risk 12: tax risks. There are increased risk and interest in contracts of services and the complexity of proving economic benefit (Solakivi,  2011, pp.131-132).However, apart from traps of outsourcing for customers, there are trap for performers, ie outsourcers themselves:Outsourcing contract is usually signed for a long period, and this means that there is a risk of future costs and risks, as being dependent on the customer, contractor might work for long period without profit, and sometimes at a loss.Reorganization of processes within the organization may induce its management to the early completion of the contract and resubmitt ing maintenance of functions back to internal divisions, but in accordance with the new processes.Waiting for incredible results.Changing requirements (awareness of opportunities) during the execution of the contract.Change of the creditworthiness of the customer with the planned resources and unsaleable unique product (Sauer,  2013, p.8).Logistics outsourcingOutsourcing in logistics today for many companies has become the most optimal way to solve logistical problems, such as the delivery of goods or the compilation of transport schemes. It is not possible to debug business processes in logistics without a comprehensive work of highly skilled professionals. Many companies spend considerable sums for hiring a professional to ensure coordination of transport processes, without receiving a good result. That is why currently the most rational decision in this area is considered to be a logistics outsourcing. Services of this kind allow partial or full transfer of organizing business processes to experienced professionals without hiring them to the staff of the company.It is necessary to clarify that logistics is one of the main tools to improve business efficiency and competitiveness. Its main task is to manage the information, financial and material flow with minimum costs. It is worth emphasizing that the outsourcing services are successfully used in the logistics strategy to minimize investment in logistics, as will significantly reduce the cost of logistics business processes.The basis of any logistics business lies in an integrated management and optimization of material flows. Therefore, personnel outsourcing allows firms to transfer the logistics function partially or completely. As a result of the release of some of the financial and managerial resources, it becomes possible to focus on core business processes. Thus, outsourcing in logistics helps strengthen the competitive advantages of the company and becomes the key to its future development.Because of the huge number of offers on the market today, it becomes more difficult to obtain a weighty profit, doing only the development of production and marketing. Outsourcing in logistics enhances profitability by reducing costs. The reduction of logistics costs, if using outsourcing services, is just 1%, which is comparable to 10% increase in sales (Wallenburg,  2010, pp.579-581).Recently, commercial and industrial companies are increasingly paying attention to the staff outsourcing. The reason is the increasing complexity of conditions and business technologies and the growing importance of its infrastructure components. Naturally, for many industrial and commercial enterprises logistics is not core competencies. Using outsourcing services, such organizations can fully devote themselves to the development of core activities. While the staff outsourcing, who will direct all its potential for development and improvement of logistics processes, ensures the maximum quality of the goods or services of the company.Many logistics companies that use outsourcing of staff note that finding qualified staff to employ is difficult. The fact that outsourcing allows regular employees not to spend time on ineffective or non-core but necessary processes, provides shortening of time for product development and increase the speed of adaptation to regular changes in market conditions.Logistics outsourcing services may include the following areas:Integrated logistics.Optimization of existing and development of new storage schemes;Coordination of the procurement and supply of goods, as well as its labeling, packaging, etc.Registration of customs documentation and freight;Development of optimal transport schemes;The expediency of company’s use of logistics outsourcing:need to focus on what staff members can do the best (competence concentration), while outsourcing staff will take care of the rest;companys management understands that the company needs a transformation, the co ncreteness of which can be determined only by organization providing outsourcing services;emergence of new ideas for the realization of which the company must go through some changes. Outsourcing of personnel can help in implementation;the need to get a more interesting experience, which can be obtained only through outsourcing staff who will inject new ideas into the company;need for quick and quality optimization of the logistics department, without any loss on training new employees, outsourcing will avoid decrease in the overall performance of the company;most effective way to transfer minor cost from permanent to variables is logistics outsource;As practice shows, the firm that provides outsourcing services has a higher motivation for efficiency than own departments of the company. Logistics outsourcing, as in any other sphere of production, is characterized by the fact that the implementing organization has direct financial obligation for the quality of performed work.Key bene fits and advantages of logistics outsourcing:reduction of risks associated with the implementation of logistics processes as they are passed on to a company that provides outsourcing services;decrease in the percentage of capital investments, which often also go to the contractor company;focus on core competencies promotes the improvement of key processes and gaining additional competitive advantage.Thus, outsourcing of staff, which will take on the implementation of logistics processes, provides a dynamic development of the company, management of which will deal only with strategic objectives. It can be concluded that logistics outsourcing has a strong potential for the development of the modern market.Eventually, many companies come to conclusion that it is almost unreal to establish the business processes in the logistics field without the complex interaction of experienced professionals. Some companies invest huge sums on the training and hiring large number of staff responsible for the coordination of transport and storage processes, while others believe that outsourcing in logistics is the best way to solve logistical problems. In the first case, it is not always possible to achieve good results, that is why many companies prefer to transfer all or part of the business processes organization to proven professionals without hiring them to the staff (Zavrsnik,  2011, p. 520).  Classification of operatorsProfessionals in logistics quite often use specific terminology for judging the competence of a particular logistics operator:1PL independent autonomous logistics. Shipper independently performs all necessary operations;2PL providing traditional services of warehouse management and transportation;3PL standard list of services complemented by other operations, such as: overload, storage, handling, etc.;4PL involves integration of all the firms that are involved in the supply chain. Log provider of this class is responsible for planning, management an d control of all logistics business processes of the customer, which allows reaching long-term strategic goals and expand the business of the client;5PL management of all components included in a single supply chain of products using electronic means of information processing (Hartmann, 2012, pp. 526-527).ConclusionLogistics outsourcing means a transfer of logistics processes to a third party. The essence of this service is to reduce the companys costs, implementation of the supply of products through the involvement of one or more qualified professionals logistics operators.Logistics outsourcing services may include the following areas: integrated logistics, optimization of existing and development of new storage schemes; coordination of the procurement and supply of goods, as well as its labeling, packaging, etc.; custom documentation and cargo; development of optimal transport schemes. Outsourcing of logistics services involves transmission of professionals, as part of the func tions in this area, and the full scope of authority. When choosing the optimal plan of work for involved specialists, you should take into account the possibility of a private company in organizing logistics. It should be noted that an integrated approach to outsourcing logistics is the most efficient and financially advantageous solution to cope with   various tasks in the area of procurement and supply of products.

Mystical Discourses in Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mystical Discourses in Philosophy - Essay Example The clandestine struggle of a Mystic does not lend itself to understanding or provide insight into the intricate scaffolding of inspired philosophy. As Michael Sells comments, Mystic writers like Jalaluddin Rumi and Marguerite Porete did not aim to illustrate a specific type of experience. They hoped to generate an appreciation of the framework in which things take place at all and the human relationship to this fixed totality. "Mysticism is often associated with the extraordinary, the transcendent, the unimaginable, and reveals itself as the common" (Sells, Michael A. The Mystical Languages of Unsaying). Sells investigates the writer's use of language to sustain reality and its silhouette. Each discourse presents a cohesive tactic to accomplish its purpose. The aporia of transcendence, as Sells describes it, is a means of achieving dialectic ascension through apophatic debate. In contrast, Marguerite Porete believed that mystical pre-eminence could only be arrived at through the "An nihilation of the Soul." And, in Jalaluddin Rumi's vision, only in the supreme and boundless entirety of God, do all the conflict and dissension implicated in the antipathy of phenomena transcend the fracas and come to rest. Apophatic theology has commonly been depicted as a form of negation. ... Apophasis is basically a dialogue of contradiction and dueling statements. However, both Porete and Rumi would agree that most have a tendency to transfix on a solitary statement and abandon its double. Therefore, these dancing conjectures must be positioned within a larger text in order to maintain a continual regression. A referential candor within the wording suggests a particular willingness and susceptibility towards the essential necessity of practicing ceaseless transformation, as alluded to by Ibn Arabi. "Unsaying" occurs in reaction to an impasse. If one were to propose the existence of a limitless, definitive precept, then how could one submit to it Designations by nature have a way of restricting those entities they elect. When something is assigned a label, boundaries are erected that designate what it is and what it is not. Names are fixed and unyielding. How might one be liberated from this intrinsic inclination fundamental to language One must defeat language with language by posing it against itself. What Sells ascribes as a "meaning event" is accomplished by exploiting the disparity betwixt clashing statements. He illuminates the aporia of transcendence within the work of Marguerite Porete, and his ideas extend themselves to the words of Rumi as well. Sells focuses primarily on how these texts operate within their unique mythical compositions. He also examines their extensive theological and intellectual perspectives while making enlightening evaluations. These in depth exa minations allow one to appreciate the theatrical nature of the texts. These texts are intended to activate an understanding of

Celia Cruz Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Celia Cruz - Article Example During this time, Celia became fond of the religious Yoruba music, studying the words and even creating some of her own recordings in the same style. As a teenager, Celia aunt helped to encourage Celia’s love of music, taking her to cabarets to sing, but Celia’s father had other plans. He wanted his daughter to remain in school and study to become a teacher; one of Celia’s teachers, however, further encouraged Celia’s musical talent, telling her that she could make a greatly salary as a musician than a teacher makes in a month. Prior to Celia’s career as her fans know it, Celia was singing in Havana’s radio station broadcast, which featured numerous contests. Celia won the majority of the contests, receiving cakes as prizes and offers to participate in future contests. Though she made many recordings for radio stations, Celia’s first major recordings were made in Venezuela in 1948. It was in 1950, when Celia was thirty-four, when she m ade the greatest breakthrough in a career. After the lead singer of the famous Cuban orchestra, the Sonora Mantancera, left the group, Celia was offered the permanent position.

Hospice in Rural Countries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hospice in Rural Countries - Research Paper Example Given the increasing statistical figures of families and patients who certainly will be facing the end-of-life crisis or issues, access to the hospice care has been a significant consideration. It has been found that the rural communities have been found to get the least access to the hospice care or a Medicare - certified hospice. In addition, the higher the number of physician found in the community shall likely to have easy access to the Medicare -certified hospice such as the urban or metropolitan. Moreover, the study shows that the number of physicians that can work in a Medicare-certified hospice can lower because of the need for the physician's certification of terminal illness. The findings show that the racial-ethnic diversity decreases from most rural places to least rural places or as the classification of the rural to urban communities progressed. The following is the table of the summary of the rural-urban, socioeconomic and physician rate variables. The computation of the median has been appropriate for this study to avoid enumeration of the numerous census data. The purpose of the calculation of the median is to approximate the middle value of every entry in the table such as the total number of the whites that resides in certain location. Table gives the reader an idea that on the average, the population of the whites living in a particular location is 84.4 or simply 84.4%. Table 1. Summary of the rate of available physician, socioeconomic, and rural-urbanclassification The above table provides the summary f the characteristics of the 3,140 counties. In 204, the census of the average county was 93,507 with the standard deviation of 304, 790. In terms of the median age of each county, on the average, was 37.3 years with the standard deviation of the 4.01. This means that the median age varies within the limits of + 4.01 and -4.01 values. The mean percentage of the population of the counties pertaining to those people who are above 65 years old was 14.76% and with the standard deviation of 4.17. On the other hand, the statistics pertaining to the people classified as under poverty line is 13.74% with the standard deviation of 5.59. The mean percentage of the minority groups such as the Hispanics and African Americans in counties were 8.76% and 6.18% respectively. The Hispanics mean percentage derives a standard deviation of 11.9 while the African Americans, 14.5% standard deviation value. Furthermore, according to the summary of characteristics of the particular counties, the physician rate reaches 12.61% with a standard deviation of 14.89. On the other hand, the mean quantity of the Medicare-certified hospice was 0.83 with standard deviation of 1.84. The significance of the values 18.99, 8.99, and 9.48 pertain to the rates of physician in the rural-urban classifications. This means that the metropolitan (most urban or least rural) has the most number of physicians qualified to work with the Medicare-certified hospice than the adjacent metro or rural areas (see figure 1). Figure 1. A comparison of MDs per 10,000 census, mean percentage of

The Causes Of Eating Disorders Psychology Essay

The Causes Of Eating Disorders Psychology Essay An eating disorder is a psychological illness where the subject has an abnormal relationship with food, and has a distorted view himself or herself. Particularly in those who suffer from anorexia and bulimia, there is an obsession with weight loss and food intake. They are also unable to see how self-destructive their behaviour is, and view themselves as too fat even when underweight. (Tighe, 2011)This essay will examine the causes of eating disorders and the psychological explanations that go along with them. Three psychological models will be looked at the cognitive approach, the behavioural approach and finally, the psychodynamic approach. The basis of the Cognitive approach is the theory that the human brain works like a computer. Processed outside information becomes our thoughts and our output is our behaviour. Cognitive psychologists would explain that the causes of eating disorders are due to faulty cognition (thoughts) and having distorted perceptions of self. A. Beck was the pioneer of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which can help eating disorder sufferers challenge their faulty thinking and change their perceptions. (DK, 2011)It is easy to see then, how CBT could be very useful in treating those with an eating disorder, as many symptoms of eating disorders are to do with faulty perception of the self. Fallon and Rozin (1985) also did research based on the cognitive model. They gave a chart of nine images of body types to both men and women. On the chart the silhouettes were either very slim to those of a higher weight. On the chart they placed how they perceived their own weight, how they perceived what weight was attractive to those of the opposite sex and their own, ideal weight. Women tended to place both their ideal weight and the weight they thought men would be attracted to on the lower side of the scale. Their perceived current weight placed at a significantly higher point on the scale. The men however, placed both their ideal weight and current weight close together but the weight that they perceived women to find attractive was higher on the chart*. This research is useful at seeing the difference between how male and female perception of self and ideal weight differs. However, there are some problems with it. For example, all the people asked were American and between the ages of 18-19 and all went to a private college, which suggests that they were, upper to middle class. This means that this piece of research is highly ethno- centric; it is not applicable to those who are exempt from that background and culture. The research in itself also lacks a certain amount of objective, as even though it shows peoples perceptions of their body it does not mean they are all suffering or will suffer from an eating disorder. The research also now lacks historical validity as it was carried out in 1985. Ideal body image was different to how it is now. (Adler, 1992) The cognitive approach can have positive appraisal as it backed up scientifically. Its face validity reflects in the success rate for CBT, which is often very high. The downside is that is seems to de-humanise people. It does not place any bearings on the patients emotions or their individual circumstances. A patient also seems to face large amount of blame and responsibility. In contrast with the Cognitive, approach is the psychodynamic approach; Sigmund Freud was the main trailblazer and the first person to study the mind. He believed that Mental Illness and mal -adaptive behaviour was due to repressed memories and emotions held in our unconscious mind and that, causes of emotional pain can be bought out through psychoanalysis (DK, 2011). This quote also links into another part of what Freuds theory was on how the human mind worked. He believed that the human psyche had three main parts: the id, ego and the superego. Freud believed the id is responsible, for our basic animal instincts, such as wanting food, or sex. There was also the ego was the part of the mind that was connected with the reality of the situation you are in. Finally, the superego is the moral part of the psyche. It is the voice that tells us was is good and right to do regardless of what the id wants. Freuds belief is that if the id, ego and superego are unbalanced then it is one of the pre- cursors to mental illness, such as an eating disorder. Freud also put a strong emphasis on early childhood experiences. He concluded that poor parenting or difficulty bonding with parents as a child could lead to mental illness and abnormal behaviour as an adult. A psychodynamic view of the cause of someone having an eating disorder if a younger women for example, would be that in her unconscious mind she fears becoming an adult. Due to this fear, she tries to revert to being a child by losing weight, causing her to lose her feminine figure and to stop herself menstruating. H. Bruch also believed that this aspiration of wanting to become a child might also be to do with having a poor relationship with parents who did not help her to develop any sort of identity. * There are some definite criticisms about the psychodynamic approach. One of the biggest problems with it is its very difficult to test as it is based on case studies, not scientific testing. In fact, the only way you could test it is by using identical twins by putting one through a trauma and the other one not; this of course, is greatly unethical. You also cannot duplicate the exact result on any other patient. What more, the approach has a huge bias against parenting and the role it could play in mental illness. However, numerous case studies back up the psychodynamic approach and the use of psychoanalysis; so it could work for some people. The last and final approach analysed is the Behavioural approach. The theory of it is that all behaviours learned are due to experience. In addition, those behaviours can then be unlearned. Ivan Pavlov, research the theory of classical conditioning by using dogs. He used a stimulus such as a bell ringing and giving the dog food at the same time to condition the dog to expect food whenever it heard the bell ring. The dog would even start to salivate before it saw the food but still heard the ringing of the bell. (Youtube, 2008) B.F Skinner expanded on Pavlovs research and called his theory Radical Behaviourism. He started by using mice. He would place the mice in a box; whenever the mouse pressed a lever or bar, it food was given. Skinner explained that this wasnt operant conditioning like Pavlovs as there was no preceding stimulus; the behaviour of the mouse was continued by the positive reinforcement of getting food. He continued his research by then wiring up the floor of the box t o an electric source. The mouse would then get a shock when performing certain behaviour. The mouse then learned the behaviour and shock were linked .This is negative reinforcement. (DK, 2011) The behavioural approaches explanation of the causes of an eating disorder in an individual would be due to either positive or negative reinforcement. An example of operant conditioning, that led to someone developing an eating disorder would be, that if a teenage girl kept losing weight and got continuous praise from friends, but then also receiving negative criticism from her parents for saying she was greedy whenever she ate. She would learn that if she lost weight and did not eat much her friends would complement her and her parents in turn, would accept her. Criticisms of the behavioural approach are that scientific testing is possible. It also gives quick results when it comes to treatment. Unfortunately, it does not focus on the patients emotions or their current personal circumstances. Neither, is it suitable to treat all illnesses, with eating disorders in particular a downside of it would be, that it changes the behaviour but has not influence of the cause, of that behaviour. In conclusion, it is widely acknowledged that eating disorders do not have one overruling cause but have a complex mixture of disordered thinking and negative perceptions of self. Poor interpersonal relationships and past trauma may also play a part. Eating disorders may also run in social groups and behaviours associated with eating disorders may be picked up/learned through peer pressure. (National Eating Disorders Association, 2004)It is safe to say then that all of the psychological approaches: cognitive, behavioural and psychodynamic are all perfectly valid in explaining why someone may suffer from an eating disorder and it is wise to keep an open minded approach to treating an eating disorder, as all of the approaches work in a highly interwoven and harmonious way. *Allen. C (2012) Lecture notes: Studies on eating disorders. [Access to HE, 24th October] References: Adler, L. D. (1992). Female and Male Perceptions of I deal Body Shapes. Retrieved October Wednesday 24th, 2012, from Lillianmcmaster.com: http://www.lillianmcmaster.com/resources/ideal%20body%20image%20study%20on%20caucasians.pdf DK. (2011). The Psycholgy Book. London: Dorling Kindersley. National Eating Disorders Association. (2004). What Causes Eating Disorders. Retrieved October Thursday 25th, 2012, from National Eating Disorders.org: http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/nedaDir/files/documents/handouts/WhatCaus.pdf Tighe, J. (2011, May). Eating Disorders. Retrieved October Wednesday 24th, 2012, from BBC Health: http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/emotional_health/mental_health/mind_eatingdisorders.shtml Youtube (Director). (2008). Classical Conditioning- Ivan Pavlov [Motion Picture].

Capital Punishment Essay - It’s Time to Turn the Other Cheek :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment – It’s Time to Turn the Other Cheek If... he has committed murder, he must die. In this case, there is no substitute that will satisfy the legal requirements of legal justice.There is no sameness of kind between death and remaining alive even under the most miserable conditions, and consequently there is no equality between crime and the retribution unless the criminal is judicially condemned and put to death." Immanuel Kant. About 2000 men, women, and teenagers currently wait on America's "Death Row." Their time grows shorter as federal and state courts increasingly ratify death penalty laws, allowing executions to proceed at an accelerated rate. It's unlikely that any of these executions will make the front page, having become more and more a matter of routine in the last decade. Indeed, recent public opinion polls show a wide margin of support for the death penalty. But human rights advocates continue to decry the immorality of state-sanctioned killing in the U.S., the only western industrialized country that continues to use the death penalty. Is capital punishment moral? Capital punishment is often defended on the grounds by the government, that society has a moral obligation to protect the safety and the welfare of its citizens. Murderers threaten this safety and welfare. Only by putting murderers to death can society ensure that convicted killers do not kill again. Second, those favoring capital punishment contend that society should support those practices that will bring about the greatest balance of good over evil, and capital punishment is one such practice. Capital punishment benefits society because it may deter violent crime. While it is difficult to produce direct evidence to support this claim since, by definition, those who are deterred by the death penalty do not commit murders, common sense tells us that they will die if they perform a certain act, they will be unwilling to perform that act. If the threat of death stays in the hand of a would-be murder, and we abolish the death penalty, we will sacrifice the lives of many innocent victims whose murders could have been deterred. But if, in fact, the death penalty does not deter, and we continue to impose it, we have only sacrificed the lives of convicted murderers. Surely it is better for society to take a gamble that the death penalty deters in order to protect the lives of innocent people than to take a gamble that it doesn't deter and thereby protect the lives of murderers, while risking the lives of the innocents. Finally, defenders of capital punishment argue that justice demands that